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Glossary

ABACA

Plant fiber derived from banana leaves. Also known as Manila tagal hemp.

ADOUCISSAGE

Treatment applied to a fabric to give it a soft feel.

AGAVE

Vegetable fibre from agave, very strong and giving a natural appearance, especially used in decoration for floor coverings (braided carpets, wall-to-wall carpets).

ALBUM - PHOTO FRAMES

Albums or photo frames, covered in the house's emblematic fabrics, discover the full Pierre Frey range in our accessories section.

ALCANTARA®

A plain suede-like fabric made from a micro-fiber. It combines softness with extreme ease of care, stain-resistant yet machine-washable at 30° or dry-cleanable.

ALL-OVER

Design with motifs decorating the entire surface of the fabric or rug.

ALPAGA

Alpaca is a large goat of the llama family that lives in the high Andean regions of South America. Its wool is soft, silky, shiny and fine. Fabric can be made from alpaca wool, either pure or blended with other fibers (percentages must be stated to avoid misleading trade names). Alpaca fabric is very strong, dry and shiny.

ANGORA

Hair obtained from the Angora rabbit, originally from Turkey and Asia Minor, but now also from farms in France and Italy, for example. Yarn made from Angora rabbit hair is lustrous, soft and warm. Not to be confused with Angora goat's wool, which, after spinning, is called mohair. Both materials have the same qualities.

ANTI-BACTERIAL

Anti-bacterial treatment originally intended for medical textiles, now increasingly used in clothing and furnishings.

ANTI-PILLING

Characteristic of a material or treatment that prevents pilling. Our engineers at Pierre Frey are always testing the performance of intensive use seat fabrics in particular.

ANTI-SLIP

Felt or nets that are placed under the mats to prevent them from slipping. Sold by the metre, they come in several sizes and two versions: one holds the carpets laid on a parquet floor or a tile, the other those laid on a carpet.

ANTI-SLIP

Felt or nets that are placed under the mats to prevent them from slipping. Sold by the metre, they come in several sizes and two versions: one holds the carpets laid on a parquet floor or a tile, the other those laid on a carpet.

ANTI-STRESS

Fabric containing a material that dissipates electrostatic electricity.

APPLICATION

An added motif sewn onto a fabric (using the embroidery or butting technique), especially on household linen; it can also adorn a curtain in bands, line a table mat, or, placed in the center, bring a bedspread to life. 

APRON

The chair apron is the horizontal part of the structure forming the frame. It connects the chair legs to the upper part of the structure.

AQUASOFT

The «Aquasoft» quality has a soft, light and supple appearance. It looks like and has the same feel of cotton. The colours have a matt finish. Premium Polypropylene fibres have very good characteristics in terms of colour fastness and resistance. The aquasoft quality is adapted to residential projects, or even to moderate traffic, depending on the choice of the backing.

ARM

A chair arm is the side part where users place their forearms.

ARMCHAIR

An armchair is a chair for one person, composed of a backrest, seat and two armrests. An armchair is generally larger than a regular chair (by about a third). The height of the seat is lounge height.

ARMLESS SOFA

An armless sofa is composed of a seat and a backrest but does not have armrests.

 

ARMREST

The armrest is the side part of a chair where the forearms are placed. 

ARMREST PAD

The armrest pad is the stuffed cushion located in the middle of a chair armrest.

 

ARTIFICIAL

Textile fibers manufactured, especially since the end of the Second World War, from chemically-treated natural materials: viscose, fibranne, rayon, bemberg, cupro. Mixed with cotton, they give it a silky appearance. Man-made fibers belong to the class of chemical fibers that includes artificial fibers and synthetic fibers.

ASSEMBLING

The art and art of marrying different coloured fabrics to create harmony: lining printed curtains with a small check taffeta or a plain wool sheet with a fine stripe. In one room, use the same range of colors in different patterns.

ASTRAKAN

Named after a Russian town at the mouth of the Volga. Astrakhan fur is made from the curly hair of young lambs, and can be woven or knitted.

AUBUSSON

City of “La Creuse”, a french region, where tapestry workshops were set up in the 16th century. They wove the magnificent carpets and tapestries of the royal castles. Aubusson’s stitch is decorated with floral designs, leaves in bright colours, it is a flat stitch, often in opposition to the knotted stitch more commonly known as the soap factory stitch. The carpets are surrounded by wide borders. The Aubusson style reached its peak in the 18th century and the numerous Braquenié archives at Pierre Frey will allow you to reissue or even adapt it according to your choice of colours and textures.

AXMINSTER

AXMINSTER woven carpets were developed in England during the Industrial Revolution to reduce the cost of carpet manufacturing. It is a weaving technique on mechanical looms. It is reserved for large quantities and large widths. The yarns and the number of threads are suitable for intensive use in hotels, restaurants, retail shops or offices in particular. The designs are generally composed of repetitive patterns and in a limited number of colours, but it is possible, at Pierre Frey, to produce large designs with placed patterns containing up to 12 colours. Technically, the appearance of the velvet is always cut and the material used is composed of 80% wool, 20% polyamide. See Axminster carpets.

AXMINSTER CARPETS

AXMINSTER woven carpets were developed in England during the Industrial Revolution to reduce the cost of carpet manufacturing. It is a weaving technique on mechanical looms. It is reserved for large quantities and large widths. The yarns and the number of threads are suitable for intensive use in hotels, restaurants, retail shops or offices in particular. The designs are generally composed of repetitive patterns and in a limited number of colours, but it is possible, at Pierre Frey, to produce large designs with placed patterns containing up to 12 colours. Technically, the appearance of the velvet is always cut and the material used is composed of 80% wool, 20% polyamide. See Axminster.

Ash

Ash is a tall tree commonly found in the forests of Europe and has light, pearl white wood. The wood from ash trees is high quality and known as being a compact, hard material that is strong but also flexible. With its flexibility, just like beechwood, ash wood can be used for making pieces that need to be both curved and strong. Ash wood is frequently used in interior furniture since it is easy to put a sleek and elegant finish on it but it can also stand up to the strain of various stresses. It is not recommended to stain it with dark shades. It is best used rather for creations with light tones, particularly for furniture made in the Scandinavian style. 

BACKING

A general term used to describe the tuft, which will be called the primary or double backing if it is glued to the back of the carpet during the coating process. The backing can be woven or non-woven, usually in polypropylene or polyester.

BACKREST

The backrest is the vertical part that a user leans against when sitting on a seat (sofa, chair, armchair, etc.).

BAGGINESS

More or less reversible deformation of fabrics caused by mechanical distension when worn. All Pierre Frey fabrics are designed to avoid this phenomenon.

BAR STOOL

A bar stool is an individual seat mounted on high legs. It has a seat and a brace that is used as a footrest. It may also have a low backrest and armrests for greater comfort. It enables a user to be seated at counter height.

 

BATH

Liquid environment used in finishing to treat fabric and give it its final characteristics. The same bath guarantees the homogeneity of the fabrics to be manufactured.

BATIK

A dying technique originating in Indonesia that involves reserving the design with wax (or even rice paste) and dipping the fabric in successive dyes. Batik is a dense color: red, indigo or brown. By crumpling the wax-coated fabric, a marbled effect can even be obtained, with the dye penetrating only the cracks. Interesting as a tablecloth, bedspread or curtain, it adds an exotic touch to any room.

BATISTE

Named after Jean-Baptiste, weaver in Cambrai in the 13th century. A very fine, tightly woven, shiny fabric originally made from linen yarns and often used to make handkerchiefs, ladies' lingerie or sheets. Mercerizing adds a resistant sheen and increases its strength. Batiste is marketed in ecru, dyed and printed versions, and is used for bed linen and light curtains.

BAYADERE

Fabric with parallel (horizontal) wefts produced by periodically successive weaves. The term derives from the wide embroidered belts worn by Arabian seraglio dancers. This effect is achieved either by weaving with colored threads, or by printing.

BEDSPREAD

This is a piece of fabric placed on the bed to protect it from dust during the day. It can be topstitched, quilted, in a print set in the pattern, in patchwork, in cotton piqué, matching the headboard, made in a wide-width fabric to avoid seams, or in a panel or large square of the desired size, boutis-style, all-white or reversible 100% cotton. Pierre Frey offers a whole range of made-to-measure quilts with different finishes (edge-to-edge, round or square corners, folded bias).

BEECH

Beech is a deciduous tree. It is characterized by a large, smooth and perfectly straight trunk covered by silver-gray bark. Its wood is easy to recognize. It is more or less pinkish in color and has many different small lines in the grain that give it a speckled appearance. Beechwood is one of the most used types of wood in our chairs because it has qualities that are particularly well adapted to the area Classified as a hardwood, it is very solid and has many various mechanical qualities. Possessing a solid resistance to moisture as well as parasites, it a robust, durable material. Moreover, it’s a variety of tree that can be colored with the full range of shades and tones, from light to dark.

BEMBERG

Artificial fiber obtained by dissolving cellulose in a cuproammonium liquor, also known as copper viscose, named after the German J.P. Bemberg who commercialized the fiber after the First World War. Bemberg fabrics have a silky feel and, because of their relative strength, are often used for lining.

BENCH

A bench is a long, wide seat composed of a single seating area where several persons can sit.

BLANKET

Soft, thick fabric in plain weave or jacquard, with a fulling and scraping finish for feel and thickness.

BORDERS

Rug borders; according to their dimensions or their position, they are called: main, secondary, external or internal border.

BOUQUETS

Bouquet prints remain an inexhaustible vein of interior design: flowers, stems, petals and branches create a refreshing harmony that's much less ephemeral. 

BOURRETTE

Loose weave made with the first (coarser) layer of natural silk threads surrounding the cocoon (as opposed to the threads coming from inside the cocoon). Its matt, irregular appearance makes it unsuitable for covering seats. By extension, coarse yarn made from waste and resulting fabrics.

BROCADE

Fine silk or cotton fabric embellished with brocaded designs in gold or silver thread. In the 17th century, the main manufacturing centers were Tours and Lyon. Today, some are still woven for church vestments and expensive hangings. Velvet brocade is a luxurious velvet with a background decorated with gold or silver thread.

BROCADE

Brocading produces an embossed design that stands out against the fabric background. Patterns are created by adding additional wefts that produce the design and limit their passage to the desired motif. Brocading can only be verified on the reverse side of the fabric, and is carried out on special looms.

BROCADE

A woven fabric with satin warp motifs, highly embossed on the flat background. The relief effect is due to the use of a linen background weft and appropriate warp and weft tensions. The pattern thus stands out against a matte background.

BURE

A coarse, brown-colored woollen fabric, originally used to make religious or even prison garments.

BURNOUT FABRIC

On a fabric composed of two materials, a process for chemically removing one of the components, according to a pattern, to obtain opaque and transparent patterns.

BUTTERFLY JOINT

The butterfly joint is used to connect two pieces together at very narrow sections. This joinery technique is now used less, but it still is remarkably solid. The butterfly joint is used to connect two pieces together at very narrow sections. This joinery technique is now used less, but it still is remarkably solid.

BUTTONED

Finishes the upholstery of a seat, sofa or armchair with buttons placed in strict order. Easier to make than upholstery, it's also less expensive.

CACHE-COUVERTURE

It's an essential bedspread when the bed is left open. This refined accessory is often in cotton piqué or scalloped honeycomb piqué, for example, but can just as easily be plain in a bright or warm color.

CACHE-SOMMIER

Bed linen has become a real decorative element, adding a touch of elegance and allowing you to play with colors and materials to enhance both your bed and the harmony of your bedroom.

CADRE

Cf Print.

CALENDERING

Treatment applied to a fabric, often hot, under high pressure between cylinders, to obtain a surfacing effect such as glazed fabric, chintz, embossing.

CAMAÏEU

General term for a fabric whose pattern and background are the same color but with different tonal heights.

CAMBRAI

Also famous for its lace, this town in northern France, equidistant from Paris and Brussels, specialized many centuries ago in a linen fabric remarkable for its fineness and whiteness, known as Batiste (see Batiste) or "cambric" in English. Close to this town, in Montigny en Cambrésis, in the heart of this ancient textile cradle, Pierre Frey manufactures its products, stores them and cuts them for shipment all over the world.

CAMEL HAIR

Hair of the desert-dwelling bactrian camel. Part of the fleece has a wool-like texture. The hair is soft and shiny, and its natural color ranges from light tan to light brown. Because of its high price, it is often blended with wool in varying proportions. The resulting fabric is very warm, very light but rather fragile. For decorative purposes, it is often used as a blanket.

CANNELÉ

Fabric with a succession of round transverse ribs (or semi-cylindrical relief) alternating with a groove on both sides. The weft is hidden by a large number of threads or warp floats.

CANNETILLÉ

A technique derived from fluted weaving, in which two warps are woven on a canvas background, one of which provides the floats, spanning the weft several times. The small, regular geometric pattern, often in silk, with its precious appearance, is ideal for double curtains or light seats. Example: Factory F2773

CANOPY

Derived from the Italian baldacchino, a silk fabric from Baghdad. The baldachin covers a bed with a canopy or canopy made of widely gathered fabric, held in place at all 4 corners by columns. Polish-style in the 18th century, it takes on simpler forms today and can be draped with pleated sheers, cotton stamens, light, vaporous textiles or toiles de Jouy.

CANTONNIÈRE

The valance is a flat strip of fabric that follows the window surround and can conceal a shutter box or rod. The valance can be draped and is then called window decoration. It can be layered with sheers or prints, trimmed with bangs, stenciled, made in a different fabric from the curtains, held in place on two hooks on either side of the top of the rod, or asymmetrical.

CANVAS

Originally hemp canvas, this is a light-colored fabric, usually heavily primed and openworked, used as a background for needlepoint tapestries or embroideries.

CAPITON

Quilted, upholstered and button-edged division that adorns the warmers, poufs, seats of Napoleon III chairs and Chesterfield sofas. A door can be upholstered to make it impervious to noise. All fabrics can be upholstered.

CARDAGE CARDÉ

A preparatory operation for spinning, consisting of untangling, cleaning and aligning fibers before they are spun. In the wool industry, this term has sometimes acquired a pejorative connotation, as inferior or reclaimed materials are always carded. However, many qualities of carded wool yarn obtained from pure virgin wool can lay claim to the best labels. In the cotton industry, the vast majority of yarns are carded cotton.

CARE

Care covers the techniques used to keep textiles in good condition. Dry cleaning, dusting, hand or machine washing, ironing, renovation, restoration. Artificial or synthetic fibers such as polyester, Dacron®, Dralon®, Trevira CS®, Tergal®, Pontella®, Courtelle®, Alcantara®, Pekari® have a precious advantage: they can be washed at 40° and wrinkle-free, while retaining their dimensions. Like natural yarns, they can be treated to prevent staining. Linen and cotton are easy to wash, but can shrink. Some fabrics hate water, especially moire, which loses its appearance when wet. Carpets and rugs are best cared for by specialists. The care of ready-made articles has been the subject of codified symbols recognized by 13 countries, including those of the Common Market. The conventional images on care labels refer to the care code, whose application is ensured and monitored by COFREET (Comité Français de l'Etiquetage pour l'Entretien des Textiles). See our catalogs and the pictograms on our Pierre Frey labels.

CARPET

Carpet is a rug that can be laid wall to wall on a floor or directly on cement. Woven or tufted, the carpet can be presented as a plain velvet, or with patterns. There are also carved (to be checked with carpet dpt) carpets, whose design is made with two heights of wool, and a wide choice of techniques and colours. A carpet with a pattern will be less fragile than a plain carpet. There are two types of installation: glued or stretched. It is preferable to glue a carpet with a foam backing. If it is made of jute, the comfort will be greater and the life span longer if the carpet is placed on a underlay. You can make a rug with carpet, in large width, finished with a border. A room covered with carpet will look larger if it is surrounded by a border. A hairy or fluffy piece of wool woven like a velvet and used to upholster seats or as a carpet. The latter type is woven on a hemp “backing” and is then heavily treated to reach flooring requirements.

CARTEUX

Said of the feel of a textile that has been too stiffened by a finish. However, this defect is easily eliminated, and Maison Pierre Frey's engineers work assiduously on it.

CARVED

A velvet is said to be carved when it has a design generally obtained by contrasting parts where the hairs are cut and those where they are not cut. The effect is due to the fact that light is not reflected in the same way on the upper parts (cut) as on the lower parts (looped), giving the impression of two different tones.

CASHMERE

Cashmere is made from the hair (the finest, on average 15 microns thick) of goats from Tibet or Kashmir, a region in northern India. One animal produces 100 to 150 g of hair per year. Brought back during the Empire, cashmere "shalls" were adorned with stylized palm or flower motifs. Cashmere wool can be used pure or blended with wools of other origins in highly variable proportions. Its softness is highly sought-after. The cashmere pattern, an interpretation of the Indian pine cone, is available on wool, cotton, silk or viscose, and is used in the home for upholstery, curtains, walls and bed linen, as well as a wide range of clothing accessories. 

CAVIAR

Designates a small geometric pattern reminiscent of a diamond.

CHAIR

A chair is a seat for one person, composed of a backrest and a seat. It has no armrests. The height of the seat is table height.

CHAISE LONGUE

The chaise longue is a sofa used for resting, it is close to a sofa with a single arm.

CHANGEANT

Said of a fabric in which the warp and weft are of contrasting colors, producing reflections of different hues depending on the incidence of light. Widely used in silks. 

CHECKS

A geometric pattern that has become a must in both traditional and contemporary decorating. The tile made its mark in the Gustavian style, renewing Victorian tartans. Decorators use it extensively, notably as lining for the backs of stylish chairs. All fabric collections feature them, from the smallest to the largest, in relief, two-toned or multicolored, the best-known undoubtedly being "Vichy" (see this word).

CHENILLE

Fancy yarn, generally for milling, characterized by a chenille appearance.

CHINOISERIES

From the beginning of the 17th century, Europe was infatuated with Chinese objets d'art, spearheaded by porcelain and lacquerware. By the early 18th century, imports were no longer sufficient to meet demand. The era of chinoiserie began around 1720-1730, when Europeans attempted to reproduce these objects. Objects made in France "à la manière de la Chine" were far removed from Chinese models. The artists Boucher and Pillevent created numerous Chinese lacquers, which can be found on wallpapers, textiles, earthenware and furniture. This theme, at the height of this civilization, is persistent and can be found, for example, in Pierre Frey's "Forbidden City", "Tea caddy", "Ming" and "Cloth merchant" fabrics, or Braquenié's "Voyage en Chine", "Marquis de Pierre" and "Cochinchine".

CHINTZ

Derived from the Hindi term for printed India, this is a shiny percale glazed by crushing and heating. This operation gives the cotton a slightly stiff finish. In the 18th century, the process involved adding wax and buffing with an agate bead. Anglo-Saxon decorators were particularly fond of chintz with flowers. Please note that, depending on the finish, it is not necessarily washable and may or may not be resistant to maintenance (washing, degreasing). A chemical resin glaze guarantees permanence. Particularly recommended for curtains and wall hangings, thanks to the accentuated color contrast.

CHINÉ

Fabric made from yarns of different colors or mixed fibers that react differently to dyeing. The "chiné à la branche" process, in which groups of threads are tied together before dyeing, was very popular in the 18th century. Chinés à la branche are silk fabrics whose design is reproduced by partially dyeing the warp yarns before weaving. Imitations by direct printing were used as early as the 18th century (Toile de Nantes).

CLOQUÉ

Fabric with raised or embossed, symmetrical or asymmetrical patterns. The fabric can be made of cotton, silk or chemical yarns. The surface effect can be obtained either at the weaving stage by using appropriate weaves, or at the finishing stage by chemical or mechanical processes.

COCO

Woody plant fiber derived from the coconut palm, used to make rugs and carpets. More fragile than its cousin sisal, it has a highly embossed texture. Its decorative effects are original, and it is also available in color. It is particularly suited to country homes and seaside resorts. See also Agave, Sisal.

COLOR FASTNESS

A poor-quality textile article loses its dye and transfers it to another article when it comes into contact with it in a damp environment. This defect can be attributed to the dyeing process if the quality of the dye used is not suitable for normal conditions of use, or if the dye has been badly fixed. Pierre Frey's engineers strive to achieve the highest standards in the industry, to ensure that the colors are perfectly maintained over time. Nevertheless, the user must always comply with the maintenance conditions indicated in the Pierre Frey catalog and on the labels of our samples.

CONTEXTURE

Number and count of warp and weft threads in a square centimeter of fabric.

COORDONNÉ

A combination of different patterns, colors, prints and weaves in the same range. These designs work together in the same room. Coordinates make the user's choice easier, since the harmony is already made. You'll find them in the numerous books of the Pierre Frey Group's various brands, and as a reminder, pinned to the display panels in all our showrooms.

CORNELY

This machine-made chain stitch embroidery takes its name from its inventor. It is used on extremely fine fabrics, such as cotton or polyester voile, and adds a touch of refinement to window treatments.

CORNER SOFA

A corner sofa is an L-shaped sofa designed to fit into the corner of a room.

COTTON

An unbleached natural fiber used since ancient times, and the basis of many fabrics (cretonne, jacquard, terrycloth, percale, canvas). Dyed, woven, printed, mixed with artificial and synthetic fibers, it gives softness and naturalness, and can be given a glossy finish. It washes easily, shrinks, but is available preshrunk. Untreated, it should be washed or decatized before use. Its long fibers are generally combed. Be sure to check its quality, however, as otherwise the dye may not rise normally inside the fiber, leaving lighter or whiter spots after dyeing (known as fleas). Organic cotton has naturally found its place in Pierre Frey collections under the name Pure Nature. Produced from pesticide-free crops, it is dyed without chemicals, then woven in our Cambrésis factory, and carries the GOTS label.

COTTON CLOTH

It's a light cotton fabric with a flowery pattern and a country charm, used to line wardrobes and drawers or to make curtains. It takes its name from Creton, the name of a village in the Eure department, renowned for its fabrics in the 16th century.

COUTURE A BORD FRANC

This finish is reserved for leathers only. It's a simple stitching operation, but it's done back-to-back, unlike simple stitching, which is done right-side-up.

COUTURE NERVURE RABATTUE

The folded rib seam is a strong, clean seam. It consists of a single seam and topstitching on one side.

COVER

A cover is a sewn assembly of bespoke fabric cuts made to cover a chair or pillow. They perfectly fit the shape of the furniture. This technique requires the creation of sewing templates, the knowledge of optimization software for their placement on the textile pieces and sewing skills. It offers creative possibilities through imaginative sewing choices as well as the use of trimming and piping for finishing touches. It is done using high-performance sewing machines adapted for professional use.

CRAZED

Fabric with an irregular surface reminiscent of tree bark.

CREASE RESISTANT

Treatment to make fabrics crease-resistant.

CREASE-RESISTANT

Property of a fabric that does not wrinkle or crease. This property is obtained by chemical treatment with thermosetting resins, or is due to the nature of the fibers that make up the fabric.

CREPE

This term covers all fabrics with a grainy surface, non-smooth grain and sometimes elasticity. Originally, crepe was made from natural silk. Today, all kinds of fibers are used, the crepe effect being obtained by the weave, the yarns used or by treatment causing differential shrinkage of the yarns. There are many different types of crepe, depending on the nature of the fibers, the twist of the yarns, the weave, the weight and the grain. Among woven crepes, the best known are: Crepe de Chine, Crêpe Georgette, Crepe de laine, Crepe marocain.

CROISÉ

Refers to a weave that produces a slanted ribbing effect from selvedge to selvedge, with ribs and gaps of equal width. Unlike twill weave, which gives a different appearance to each side of the fabric, in twill weave both sides are identical.

CUSHION

It's an indispensable home accessory. Round, square, rectangular, polochon pleated, it can be dressed in silk, print, tapestry, kilim, organza, lace, antique fabric or toile de Jouy. It can be braided, adorned with a cord, a flounce, flat or gathered, a raffia fringe, buttoned, zipped or tied with a ribbon. It can be worn on any seat, sofa, bench or bed. A removable cover is ideal.

CUT PILE

A term for carpets whose loops are cut on the tufting machine and not by shaving. The same term is used to indicate the technique and machines used to make cut pile carpets.

CÔTE CÔTELÉ

A fabric with prominent ribs in the warp direction, separated by fairly deep lines. The best-known use is for corduroy.

DAMASK

Damask is a weave of mercerized cotton or thread, matt and glossy, white tone-on-tone, used mainly for household linen. It is in fact an imitation on cotton or linen of the matte and shiny effects of damask, which have been used since the 16th century. Traditional damask tablecloths, sheets and towels are now being renewed with new designs and vibrant colors.

DAMASK

This magnificent weave originated in Syria. Damask is a woven fabric whose patterns are matte on a shiny background, or vice versa, depending on the light source, and evokes the changing steel made in Damascus, from which it takes its name. The pattern is created by contrasting two weaves. Damas is available in silk, cotton and linen. Imported into Europe as early as the 5th century, it is monochrome, reversible and suitable for classical decoration. Opposing a matte background to shiny patterns, its appearance predestines it for a sumptuous genre when used for sofas, stylish chairs or curtains. The techniques used to manufacture damask vary according to use, the most classic colors remaining "crimson" red and golden yellow.

DECATIZING

Decati: from the Old French "cati": finishes giving firmness to fabrics. Industrially, this operation consists of winding the fabric onto perforated mandrels through which steam is diffused; the fabric thus treated acquires bulk, suppleness, luster and a certain dimensional stability (no shrinkage during use).

DECORATIVE STUDS

Decorative studs are finishing nails. They are used to emphasize the curves and lines of the chair. Their diameter and shape vary. They can be round, square, coated or made of gilt metal, nickel-plated metal, copper metal or burnished metal. In the Pierre Frey workshops, the studs are individually attached by hand, as opposed to the practice that consists of attaching a strip of prefabricated studs.

DENIER

In silk, weight in grams of 9,000 meters of thread. Unit still used (e.g. 30 denier stockings) in the silk industry for both silk yarns and certain chemical fibers. In its abbreviated form "den".

DENIM

Heavy-duty twill-weave fabric from Nîmes (named after the French city), originally intended for workwear. Better known as cotton denim, it is sometimes blended with polyester. Its main colors are blue, black or gray for the warp and ecru or white for the weft. Denim makes a good wall hanging thanks to its durability. Stretched over a sofa, highlighted with a brightly colored braid, it's a practical, solid covering.

DINING CHAIR

A dining chair is an individual armchair. It has a backrest, seat and two armrests that are slightly inclined. This chair is usually found around the table in a dining room because of its high seat, which corresponds to a dynamic posture. This height is referred to as “table height”.

DOCUMENT

Refers to the historical design behind the creation of the finest fabrics. Maison Pierre Frey is recognized as the owner of some magnificent documents, which it sometimes uses by recoloring them. Listed in museums, some drawings are given away for a time to be used by publishers or manufacturers. 

DOSSER

This means folding a fabric across its width, superimposing one selvedge over the other to obtain a width equal to half the original width.

DOTTED SWISS

Dotted swiss is a raised embroidery stitch that decorates a cotton fabric.

DOUBLE SIDED

Set of two fabrics joined by a binding thread or binder, each side of the set having a different appearance and each of which can be used as a placeholder.

DOUBLE TOPSTITCH

The double topstitch seam consists of a topstitch on each side of the single seam.

DOVETAIL

The dovetail is a traditional woodworking joinery technique that possesses great tensile strength. It is used to join two perpendicular surfaces. Dovetail joints are mainly used on front pieces and drawer assemblies. 

DOWEL

A dowel resembles a wide, round wooden peg. It is used in an assembly technique that is based on the mortise and tenon interlocking principle.  The dowel is a smaller part that is traditionally used in the assembly of two curved pieces of wood. Once it is glued, the dowel provides the joint between the two interlocked pieces of the structure. Dowels are used specifically for small-surface pieces or for assembling curved or arched pieces.

DRAPEABILITY

Quality of a fabric that falls in wide, well-formed folds. One of the characteristics of a fabric's hand (apparent heaviness), the way it yields to gravity. Pierre Frey's heaviest fabric is Teddy mohair velvet, with a weight of 1270g per linear meter.

DRILL

Fine, tightly-woven cotton canvas, resistant to wear and tear, originally used to retain feathers and down, and therefore used to cover box springs, mattresses, duvets and pillows. Its distinctive stripes (two wide stripes separated by three thin lines) have an interesting decorative aspect and have inspired many a more opulent stripe. It makes an excellent wall hanging. Used as a curtain, it can also be adapted to sofas, giving them a contemporary look. Its simplicity and solidity make it a timeless staple.

DRUGGET

This is a weave with small floral motifs once used to make men's vests. It is available in silk with a cannetillé woven backing. Sumptuous blinds are made from cotton jacquard with geometric designs and small flowers. It's ideal for covering seats to complement a large pattern.

DUCHESSE SATIN

Rich, lustrous yarn-dyed satin, originally silk, used exclusively in women's apparel and couture.

DUPION

Dupion is a double silk thread, secreted from a cocoon where two silkworms work together, or from a double cocoon. The thread's irregular plugs give the fabric a gritty, hand-crafted appearance. Sought-after for decoration, it is used for cushions and curtains, as it is reminiscent of Far Eastern textile craftsmanship. By extension, this name is also given to fabrics that are not silk but imitate the irregular surface appearance of another material. 

EARLY AMERICAN

This style originated with the early settlers of America. Simple motifs printed on cotton or linen canvas in indigo on white or red on white.

ECRU #1

This is fabric in its natural state, made from cotton, silk or wool, unbleached and undyed, as it falls from the loom before any treatment. As sheers, it filters the light; as simple canvas, it becomes elegant curtains or seat covers. As carpets, it is blended with structured designs.

ECRU #2

Ecru is also a matte color, more subdued than white. In sheers, it filters light. In simple canvas, it becomes elegant curtains or seat covers. As a rug, it can be mixed with structured patterns.

ELASTIC WEBBING

Strapping is an important step since it becomes the «board» that will support all of the other successive padding layers. It supports the weight of the users. It is accomplished by creating a taut platform made from interlaced straps. Upholsterers weave wide elastic straps into a woven webbing that can be accurately adjusted to the proper suspension level. This seat base provides softness, cushioning and elasticity.  Mastery of this technique is essential for guaranteeing long-lasting quality. Straps that are too tight will make the chair’s frame bend, while straps that are too loose will quickly collapse.

 

EMBROIDERY

Decorative embellishments in relief, originally made by needle, and for centuries the privilege of the great, lords or ecclesiastics. Today, embroidery can also be machine-made, to personalize fabrics, curtains, bathroom, table and bed linen, and even lampshades and braids. Examples: monogrammed sheets and pillowcases, scalloped tablecloths, embroidered terry towels, quilted bedspreads and all curtain fabrics.

EMBROIDERY À JOUR ÉCHELLE

This is an openwork embroidery technique in which threads are removed from the fabric and the outlines fixed with decorative stitches. Day shapes can be varied: circular (Sifnos F2878), square (Keros F2877), etc....

EPINGLÉ VELVET

It's an unshaven velvet that has kept its curly appearance, giving it a tapestry-like look. It's available in wool and especially cotton. Strong, it's a magnificent fabric for covering seats. It can also be sewn and trimmed to become a rug.

FABRIC

Generic name for textile materials with a flat surface, intended for clothing, furnishings and certain technical uses. See fabric, knitwear, non-woven felt. A fabric is a woven fabric if it is made up of a warp and weft interwoven on a loom, a knitted fabric if it is made up of stitches or loops interwoven with needles, or a felt or non-woven fabric.

FADED

A process that first appeared in the 1960s in the U.S.A. (stone washed), consisting in machine-washing a fabric once or several times after finishing, to give it an aged appearance through irregular, superficial wear.

FAILLE

Taffeta weave fabric with a very pronounced grain and horizontal, transverse ribs formed by the intersection of a fine, tight warp and a fairly coarse, loosely woven weft. Originally made from silk, more modest versions are now available in chemical fibers. Their stiff fall is prized for decoration.

FAST-TRACK

Some of the Axminster looms are reserved for what Pierre Frey calls the "Fast-Track" program. The principle is to leave the looms always ready for weaving, thanks to pre-assembled warp threads. The aim is to be able to respond more quickly to deadline requirements, with smaller minimum orders. Pierre Frey has established several different color palettes in order to be able to adapt the colors as well as possible. These looms are all 13 feet wide.

FAÇONNÉ

Characterizes all fabrics where the crossing of warp and weft produces a pattern. This term is generally used in cases where the pattern in question has no specific designation, such as chevron, caviar, barley grain, houndstooth, etc. Brocades and damasks belong to the shaped family. Most often made on dobby or jacquard looms, they are distinct from plain fabrics. See faux-unis.

FELT

Non-woven fabric based on wool or hair; the cohesion of the fibers into a compact web is obtained by agglutination and entanglement thanks to the felting power of these materials. The intimate aggregation of the fibers takes place under the combined action of heat and friction in an aqueous medium, hence its high resistance and impermeability. Often used in decoration to cover seats, sofas and tables, the finer felt is also found on game tables.

FIBRE FIBRANNE

Designation for discontinuous textile yarns made from viscose. The fibers are of limited length; they have roughnesses that enable them to adhere to each other; they are combined by twisting.

FIELD

Area of the carpet framed by the borders and which presents the main decoration.

FINETTE

Finette is a cotton twill weave, scratched on the reverse side, used for curtain lining and sheets. Its fluffy feel makes it cozy and warm.

FINISHING

Refers to all chemical or mechanical treatments designed to impart special properties to fabrics and give them their final appearance. The choice of these treatments is determined by the needs and/or desires of the product processors and end-users. Among the many finishing processes we can cite: scraping, waterproofing, printing, mercerizing, moiréing, dimensional stabilization, dyeing, etc.

FINISHING

Any treatment applied to a "finished" textile article to improve its appearance and/or feel, and to reinforce certain qualities (e.g. anti-abrasion, anti-pilling) or give it new properties, sometimes simply aesthetic. There are many such treatments, and they are constantly evolving: calendering, fulling, scraping, waterproofing, moiréing, shaving, etc. Also refers to the substance incorporated into fabrics during these finishing treatments.

FIREPROOFING

This technique, used mainly in public areas, involves spraying a product onto a fabric or material to render it non-flammable. For home use, it's best to choose fabrics with flame-retardant fibers, which have the added advantage of being easy to care for. All Pierre Frey fabrics with flame-retardant fibers guarantee M1 certification, the most stringent and controlled. Fireproofing, which is optional on certain fabrics in Pierre Frey collections, is not suitable for natural silk products, unshaven velvets (mohair type), products already treated such as moire, anti-stain and, of course, fabrics with fire-resistant fibers.

FLAME RETARDANT

or non-flammable, is sometimes misused to designate a "textile with improved fire behavior". All Pierre Frey Group fabrics bearing the "non-flammable" logo are M1-certified, the most stringent standard in the field, which is required for all decorations in public buildings.

FLAMMÉ

Fancy yarn with flame-like irregularities, obtained by twisting a roving yarn with one or two other yarns and, by extension, fabric made with a flame yarn. Its effect is sought-after in decoration, notably in certain seat fabrics.

FLANNEL

Flannel is a combed wool fabric with a loose texture. It's a good material for wall hangings with a masculine feel (gray flannel). It's also a good choice for a dressing room.

FLAT-WOVEN RUG

Flat woven rugs are very resistant and easy to maintain. The process is mechanical. As with fabrics, manufacturing takes place on “flat” looms with a horizontal rolling warp. The weft yarns are fed with a weaving shuttle from edge to edge. Depending on the weaving structure chosen, the carpets have a very smooth or more or less seamless surface. A wide variety of materials can be used: wool, jute, synthetic fibres...

FLAT-WOVEN RUG

There are several types of flat-woven rugs. Currently, la Maison Pierre Frey offers a flat-woven Aubusson type fabric.

The Aubusson flat weave is a completely handmade weaving technique that was historically used in the Aubusson Manufacture. This process allows the manufacture of exceptional handmade carpets and tapestries. Each piece is woven, like a fabric, on horizontal low-frequency looms. The warp is 100% natural.

FLECKED

Fabric whose surface is strewn with small spots of different colors.

FLEECE

It's a loose, fluffy cotton weave used under wall hangings, heavy curtains and table mats. Its acoustic and calorific properties are important. Be sure to consult your upholsterer when choosing the best fleece for sound and heat insulation, and to avoid static electricity, which can attract dust. Fleece can also be found in bed throws.

FLOQUÉ FLOCAGE

Adhesive-coated or partially adhesive-coated textile support onto which very short textile fibers or "flock" fibrils are projected, giving a velvety appearance. 

FLOTTÉ

Bonding obtained in weaving when a warp thread passes over (or under) several adjacent weft threads, or when a weft thread passes over (or under) several warp threads. This is how a satin weave is made; depending on whether the floats are in the warp or in the weft, satin is said to be "warp" or "weft". See Weave. In a fabric, the lengths of warp or weft threads or yarns that are not linked

FLOWER

It remains the most common motif in upholstery fabrics, stylized, giant, in sowing, on a light background, printed, woven.

FOAM BACKING

A latex foam coating is applied to the back of the carpet. It consists of a layer of foam that ensures good energy absorption, which extends the life span. The foam backing provides a good feeling of comfort and good sound insulation. Thanks to the thickness of the foam backing, the carpet support is levelled, making the use of a carpet underlay superfluous. Carpets with a foam backing are not suitable for wall to wall installations (check with carpet team) or for extraction/spray cleaning.

FOLDING

Fabric conditioning operation consisting of folding a fabric over itself to a given length. Pieces are usually folded to a length of 0.50 or 1 meter; by counting the number of folds, you can easily check the total length of the piece. This is known as "accordion folding". A piece can be folded while maintaining its original width (full-width folded piece), or after having been folded back (half-width folded or folded-back piece). Our cutters and preparers at Pierre Frey pay particular attention to these operations, to ensure that there are no merchant folds (see this word). However, when fabric is delivered backed, it must be unrolled and unfolded immediately.

FOND

Ground refers to the color covering the largest surface area of the fabric.

FONTAN (SUZANNE)

This 20th-century designer collaborated with Pierre Frey on colorful prints inspired by nature.

FORTUNY

Fortuny is the name of a Venetian artist, Mariano Fortuny, who researched printing. His creations, whose patent remains a secret, are as if hand-painted, with a time-worn effect. Inspired by the Renaissance, his silks, lamés, velvets and brocades are still handcrafted in Venice, at Palazzo Orfei. Rare and exclusive, they enchant the world's greatest decorators. Its tight pleat (randomly pleated and creased fabric) has been widely copied and used. Invented on silk, it has now been developed as a permanent pleat on polyester and is used for sheers, canopy curtains, ruffles on toiletry bags, and to finish pillowcases and sheets.

FOURRURE / FAUSSE-FOURRURE

Still a fan of long, glossy, lying hair, and a wonderful touch on a bed or sofa. It's at home in a mountain chalet. Sometimes generously trimmed with a strip of wool, it is made using the plush technique at PIERRE FREY, in an offer that imitates many coats. 

FRANCK (JOSEF)

In 1925, this designer co-founded Haus & Garten in Vienna. This company created furniture, lighting and printed fabrics. His designs, which were very popular in the late '20s, were characterized by brightly colored, cheerful floral motifs printed on woodblock.

FRANGE

It is an ornament for draperies and seats. It is available in cotton, wool, viscose, fibranne, cabled or woven, double or single. Widely used in the Napoleon III style, it remains a sought-after finish for upholstered seats, crapaud armchairs and poufs stretched with embossed velvet or tapestry. Placed at the bottom of the seat, it hides the legs and sometimes restores balance to the model.

FRAPPAGE

Operation consisting in hot-pressing the surface of a fabric in a pattern between two cylinders, one of which is engraved. See embossing.

FREINTE

Loss of volume or weight suffered by yarns, threads or fabrics during their various processing operations.

FRISE

The frieze is a free-standing strip of fabric which, sewn and attached, surrounds a wall hanging. It can be used along a curtain or in the center of an armchair. Madeleine Castaing often used this detail to give an original touch to armchairs upholstered in plain reps. Sold by the meter, frieze can be printed or woven, and comes in a range of widths. Some fabrics are printed or woven in strips. In this case, simply cut them heightwise to the desired length. Other fabrics have a border on each side of the strip. These can be used in the same way.

FRONCES

These are folds in the fabric to give it fullness. Gathers can be obtained using specially designed ribbons (ruffles), which make it easier to make sheers and curtains. The finer the fabric, the greater the width required to achieve a pleated effect. A gathered fabric ruffle finishes a cushion, pillow, curtain, tieback, valance, bedspread, table mat, sheet or comforter cover.

FRONT

The use side of a fabric, or the side with the best appearance.

GABARDINE

A woollen or cotton fabric characterized by the presence of an apparent diagonal, steeply sloping rib. The number of warp threads is significantly greater than the number of weft threads. The weave is generally twill. Most often piece-dyed, sometimes yarn-dyed. The twist and number of threads make this article very wearable.

GAINAGE

Sheathing is a technique that involves stretching the fabric, drawers, interior or entire body of furniture, including the legs. The result is superb: bedside tables, armchairs, stools, sofa ends and bookcases can all be sheathed in flannel, chintz, Pekari or Peau d'Ange. 

GALETTE

A galette is a small fabric cushion filled with foam or kapok that makes straw folding chairs, garden seats or kitchen chairs comfortable. It is attached to the seat or backrest with pretty knots or buttons. Ideally, have it custom-made by an upholsterer in your choice of fabric and pattern layout. For outdoor chairs, an outdoor fabric is particularly recommended for its resistance.

GALON

It's a thick ribbon applied to curtains to embellish them, around rugs to give them a refined finish, on slatted blinds to hide the mechanism. The braid can be embellished with woven motifs (flowers, geometric figures) around carpets or a bedspread. Our upholsterers will be happy to recommend all existing ranges to match the colors of Pierre Frey fabrics.

GANSE

The word ganse comes from the Provençal ganso. It's a cordonnet, a fine cable used to finish sofa cushions or to emphasize the edge of a table skirt or bedspread. Tone-on-tone or in a contrasting color, it replaces edging. Your upholsterer can supply it by the meter in a wide range of colors and effects.

GAUFRAGE GAUFRÉ

This effect is usually achieved by priming with two engraved and heated rollers, between which the fabric is passed. The engraved design is reproduced on the fabric, giving it an appearance of hollows and reliefs. Embossing is only permanent on synthetic fibers.

GAZE

A translucent weave of silk, linen, cotton or polyester, it makes a transparent veil ideal for under curtains. It is also used to make mosquito nets.

GEL FOAM

Gel foam is a latex foam applied to the back of tufted velvet. Compared to the reverse foam, gel foam has a better structure. With a lower charge rate, the gel foam will normally be waterproof.

GENOA VELVET

Silk velvet with a satin or taffeta background to give relief to the design.

GEOMETRIQUE

 Geometric patterns are made up of lines, intersecting or not. It's an architectural design that's very present in today's decor. Its seductive simplicity puts it at the forefront of new trends: checks, stripes, diamonds, triangles, octagons, rectangles, columns, kilim patterns, broken lines, crosses, polka dots and dots can be mixed with floral designs or paisleys. There's a plethora of them in the Pierre Frey range. 

GLACAGE / GLACÉ

A fabric with a polished, shiny surface, because it has been treated with certain chemicals and then heat-calendered to a high degree. The process is not washfast, unless certain products such as synthetic resins are used. Chintz is an example of a glazed fabric. However, a high-gloss fabric can be obtained directly by either a satin weave or a calendering treatment. See Chintz.

GOBELINS

This national tapestry factory was founded in Paris in the 17th century. Under the direction of Charles Le Brun, it took off considerably. In 1825, the carpet workshops of the Savonnerie were added to it. The tapestry of “haute lisse” is practiced there (vertical loom). A museum, a drawing school, a research laboratory, a dyeing and repair workshop make it a centre of creativity. The models created there are reserved for Heads of State and governments and are inspired by historical or mythological scenes. Used as wall decor or carpets in some palaces, they tell an epic story, like real comic strips. Antique tapestries can be found in antique shops and auction houses. The Braquenié house dating back to 1824 has many archives in this field, which you can adapt, recolour and weave on historical looms still active in France and guaranteeing an eternal quality.

GOURGOURAN

This is a fabric whose vertical stripes (parallel to the warp) are created by different weaves following one another across the width of the fabric. It can be monochrome or striped. Used as wall hangings or on seats, they are frequently found in royal or imperial residences.

GRAND TEINT

Defines the quality of a dye that is resistant to washing and light (mainly household linen). 

GRASS CLOTH

The English word "grass" means "grass", and the most typical example is Japanese paper, which is very widespread in today's decorating world. Generally hand-woven in the Far East, this natural-fibre wallcovering has an interesting irregular appearance, albeit possibly fragile. Take a look at the range of products available from Pierre Frey, which will guarantee color and durability over time.

GRATTAGE / GRATTÉ

Fabric with a hairy or downy appearance on one or both sides, obtained by mechanical scraping. Gratté or grattage are terms used more particularly in the cotton industry, while lainé or garni are more commonly used in the wool industry. The operation consists of passing the fabric over a rotating drum, which is fitted with a number of strongly dependent passes. This treatment gives the article coverage and softness, makes it warmer and puffier, but reduces its strength. See Emerisé, Garni, Lainé.

GRAVURE

The process of transferring a design onto frames or cylinders for printing, stamping or embossing. All Pierre Frey frame prints are therefore engraved beforehand, an essential step in the precision and rendering of a design.

GREGE

Silk yarn obtained directly from the spinning of several assembled cocoons and, by extension, any chemical yarn spun directly.

GROS DE TOURS

This is a taffeta-like silk fabric with a coarser weave, originally from Tours. Although it resembles taffeta, the ribs or grains are more pronounced, for a very full fabric with fine cross-ribbing, mainly used in very fine homes for drapery or upholstery.

HAND SEWING

This is the practice of directly sewing the cut-to-fit textile pieces onto the chair. In this case, the role of the artisan seamster stops after the cutting of the textile pieces, which the upholsterer will then place directly on the chair, then fitting and attaching it through hand sewing.

 

HAND-TUFT

The hand tufting technique is a contemporary process that offers a multitude of variations in designs, colours and formats. The drawing is printed on a canvas, itself stretched vertically on a frame. It is made by hand using an electric gun to form the velvet. The gun fires the wool strands of the velvet onto the canvas, step by step. The skill of this work allows the faithful reproduction of the patterns and offers a velvet with a thick and homogeneous aspect. The density can be adapted according to the projects, just like the material: wool, silk, linen, synthetic fibres...

HANGERS (CURTAINS)

There are various ways of attaching the curtain head, using rings, hooks or eyelets, which fit on different types of rod. Rings can be made of natural, dark or lacquered wood, gilded brass, gray metal or synthetic resin, among other materials. In the case of a "railroad" rod, the hooks are enclosed in a rail actuated by a pull cord or translucent rod that makes them slide. A variety of curtain configurations are available: Flemish head, eyelets, knots, etc. Consult our Pierre Frey specialists.

HEIGHT (CURTAIN & HANGING)

The height is the basic ceiling measurement, to be calculated in order to know the yardage required for a pair of curtains, for example. Fabrics are generally 130 or 140 cm wide, or even 150, sometimes 280 or 290 cm. For a pair of curtains or a wall hanging, we calculate the yardage in number of heights, taking into account the width of the chosen pattern and the size of the seam. The larger the pattern, the larger the fitting. It's wise to let the upholsterer calculate. For curtains, don't forget to include the hem (30 cm is ideal) and the head.

HEMP

An annual textile plant, probably native to Indochina, with straight, rough, hairy stems, 1 to 4 m high. Also grown in France, the main producers are Russia and India. To obtain the textile material, hemp undergoes the same operations as flax: retting, scutching, combing, etc. The resulting yarns are less supple and less resistant to wear. The resulting yarns are less supple and less fine than flax, and are mainly used for rope-making and weaving, notably to produce packaging fabric or even magnificent natural knotted-stitch carpets. 

HERRINGBONE

Type of weave giving a zig-zag or sawtooth effect, resembling the dorsal edge of a herring. Examples: F2511 Gand

HIGH AND LOW

Pile with different height.

HIGH RESILIENCE FOAM

HR foam is a compressible material used in the construction of sofas and armchairs. It provides cushioning that has a blend of soft and firm qualities. It is also used to protect furniture corners thereby increasing their lifespan.  Before it is cut, the foam comes as a large sheet about 80 x 120 inches (200 x 300 cm) in size with a thickness between 30 x 45 inches (80 and 110 cm). It thickness varies depending on its density. The quality of a piece of foam is based on 4 criteria: its density, resilience, fire resistance, load-bearing capacity.

HONEYCOMB

Shaped fabric with a relief pattern reminiscent of the wax cells made by bees. An innovative and astonishing model has been developed by Pierre Frey with Papyrus fabric, which offers three-dimensional relief to this contemporary sheer. 

HOUNDSTOOTH

Woven or printed design reminiscent of a hen's footprints.

HUNGARIAN STITCH

A tapestry stitch thrown at acute angles, or a series of sawtooth chevrons (as on marquetry or parquet), creating a geometric pattern. Very much in vogue from the 17th century onwards and in the Louis XIII style, it is particularly suited to "sheep's bone" armchairs or Louis XIII-style seats. This highly graphic pattern also works well with contemporary designs. Example: Budapest.

HYDROPHOBIC

A fabric that does not absorb water (water repellency).

Headboard

A headboard is a piece of furniture that is attached to the top end of a bed.

IKAT

A flamed pattern of Indonesian origin, obtained by binding certain parts of the fabric (skeins or "floats" of warp or weft threads) before dyeing and weaving. The " Ikate " blur is obtained by printing the warp.

IMBERLINE

It's a fabric with broad, brightly-colored stripes that cut cleanly through the fabric and feature shaped motifs.

INDIENNES

Indiennes are printed or painted and dyed cotton fabrics from India, hence the name. They are also known as chintz or Persian. The first references to indiennes in France date back to the 16th century. However, it was not until the second half of the 17th century that the fashion for indiennes took off. The French East India Company, founded by Colbert in 1664, introduced these fabrics on a more regular basis. These fabrics are light, colorful and wash-resistant. Faced with this enthusiasm, manufacturers of traditional wool and silk fabrics complained of competition. A Conseil d'Etat ruling on October 26, 1686 prohibited the manufacture, trade and use of printed fabrics. Prohibition had the opposite effect: the more severe the decrees, the greater the popularity of these fabrics and the greater the number of frauds. Given the ineffectiveness of this measure, prohibition was lifted in 1759. A large number of fabric printing factories sprang up in France, including Jouy in 1760. Indiennes generally feature two types of motifs: placed or all-over.

INDIGO

Indigo is a deep blue extracted from the indigo plant in northern India. Fabrics dyed with indigo bleed profusely; it's best to soak them in vinegar and water to fix the dye. The same hue can be found on panels with paisley or geometric patterns, used for bedspreads, curtains and tablecloths.

IROKO

Iroko is a type of tropical wood that can be an interesting alternative to teak for its exterior uses and for its resistance to the elements. Just like teak, it’s an oily wood that, in principle, does not take to dye or varnish, but that can be coated with wood saturator, stain or specific oils for tropical wood. Its color is typically yellowish brown to dark brown, and often varying with large variations in color within the same piece. This type of wood darkens quite a bit over time, taking on a coppery appearance. 

JACONET

Upholsterers place the finishing fabric, called jaconet or muslin, on the bottom of the chair. It covers the frame, the straps and springs, which are aesthetically unappealing. It also catches dust created by the constant compression of the padding.

JACQUARD

In 1804, Joseph-Marie Jacquard perfected the loom to which he gave his name, enabling the mechanical production of shaped fabrics previously woven by hand. Its use became widespread around 1830. Today, jacquard fabric is a thick, resistant weave of cotton, wool and viscose. Its texture makes it one of the leading fabrics for upholstery. It is adorned with geometric or floral designs, since the technique allows for curves as well as large ratios.

JASPÉ

A color whose variegation evokes the rock known as jasper, when a twisted yarn composed of several strands of different colors is used. This effect can also be achieved by dyeing.

JAUNISSEMENT

A change in the shade of a white or light-colored substrate resulting from physical or chemical treatment. Too high a temperature is often the cause of yellowing during priming, for example. Light can also play a role.

JERSEY

Named after the Isle of Jersey, this highly elastic knitwear is of course also used in decoration, thanks to the shapes and seat touches it allows.

JOUR

It's a simple needlepoint on drawn thread. Venise day or ladder day is wider and more elaborate. It borders a sheet, the edge of a damask tablecloth, a set, the bottom of a sheer. Its effects are always geometric.

JOUY (TOILE DE)

Jouy-en-Josas (Yvelines) is the birthplace, in 1760*, of this famous canvas, a cotton fabric printed in blue, currant, sepia or violet cameos, on a white or bis background. Christophe-Philippe Oberkampf had the idea of setting up his factory near the waters of the Bièvre; he produced canvases decorated with themes fashionable at the time: pastoral scenes, mythology, architecture. He called on well-known draftsmen, including Jean-Baptiste Huet. As fashions changed, the factory declined and closed in 1843. Magnificent documents remain in the Musée Oberkampf in Jouy and in the Pierre Frey archives. They are particularly at home in bedrooms and bathrooms. They are sometimes printed on a colored background. * See Indiennes and the phenomenon of the ban on the Indiennes trade (printed cloth) until precisely 1759.

JUTE

Jute is a vegetable textile fibre in a blond to brown colour from a plant native to India (Calcutta hemp) imported into Europe since 1835. It is used to weave a very strong coarse canvas, with a rustic appearance, that can be stencilled, decorated with floral or arabesque motifs for tapestries, or used as a backing for carpets or rugs.

KILIM

These rugs, imported from the Caucasus or Anatolia, are flat-weaved in wool, cotton or goat's hair. Very fashionable thanks to their geometric patterns, ethnic tones and fine texture, they come in unusual sizes. Some upholstery textiles are inspired by their printed or woven motifs.

KNOT

Result of the knotting technique, where the weft yarn is knotting around a warp yarn.

KORK WOOL

The finest quality of wool taken from the lamb's chest and shoulders.

LACE

Lace is a light, openwork fabric decorated with patterns. Made by needle, bobbin or crochet, it has given rise to a number of different styles and renowned stitches, all derived from the Venetian stitch. Nowadays, lace is produced mechanically and used sparingly in decoration, on curtains for subdued light, on sheets as a gathered flounce, on tablecloths that need to be lined, on terry towels for a feminine touch, on quilted eiderdowns and pillowcases. Printed or woven lace effects are also available.

LACQUER

This is an opaque resin that can be colored in all possible shades. A transparent varnish is applied over the lacquer, creating a solid, resistant protective film. Depending on the desired finishing, the varnish will be glossy, matte or silky. Lacquer is an extremely opaque coating that does not let the wood’s original grain show through.

 

LAMINATION

The process of permanently joining two fabrics by means of a binder, to create a single component. This is achieved by chemical means (glues, adhesives) or physical means (flamed foam, fusible powders). These processes are currently used in a wide variety of applications: to give thickness, bulk and/or thermal qualities to an outer fabric by laminating a foam that is either visible or sandwiched; to maintain the shape of part of a ready-made article or give it curvature (canvas bags and luggage, for example); to give support to a delicate textile (lace, very light fabric).

LAMPAS

This richly ornamented silk fabric from Persia is the most sumptuous of all. Its decoration is made up of weft floats. Known since the 10th century, lampas was one of the most beautiful fabrics in the 18th century, both for its rich colors and the shimmer of its silk. Today, lampas is mainly used to renovate château furniture: stretched over an 18th-century seat, it restores its original lustre.

LAMÉ LUREX

Plastic-coated aluminum wire in a variety of colors, offering a wider range of applications than traditional metallic wires thanks to its lightness and long-lasting luster. Used in the manufacture of lamés and brochés, as well as many other fabrics to which it adds a touch of fantasy.

LAQUÉ

Refers to a substrate with a glossy or glazed surface resulting from calendering under pressure and high temperature.

LARGE HOUNDSTOOTH

Similar to the houndstooth, but larger in size, because it's reminiscent of a rooster's footprint. When it is very large, it's called "giant". Often woven, it can also be printed.

LEG

The legs are the parts that support a chair or a piece of furniture. They put the seat at the proper height and support the user’s weight.

LIGHT TARP

Fabric similar to tarpaulin but lighter (300/350 g/m2).

LINEN

Considered the world's oldest textile fiber, linen was known and used over 5,000 years ago in Mesopotamia, Assyria and Egypt. The Old Testament makes numerous references to it. A natural plant fiber derived from the stem of a fast-growing annual plant, it is extremely strong and produces fresh, absorbent fabrics.

LINING

Initially, it's a light fabric in plain or satin weave, used to drape a curtain, improving its hold and opacity. If it's sateen, it's hidden. Nowadays, the lining is often made from a second fabric, which is shown as a flat reverse and forms part of the decor.

LOOM

A device for weaving by hand. A loom can be very simple, with no uprights. On such a loom, the warp is stretched between two anchor points, one at the front, the other at the back. The simplest, and probably oldest, form of loom is the horizontal cloth on the floor.

LOOP

A fancy yarn obtained by twisting two single yarns with very different twists, forcing the less twisted yarn to form loops around the other. Fabrics made with bouclette yarn are covered on one (or both) sides with small loops that give them a soft feel and a puffy appearance, but remain much tighter for upholstery.

LOOP PILE

Surface of a fabric or carpet/rug made of looped yarns to form the pile.

MADRAS

Madras is a fine silk weave made in India, in the city of the same name. Its large, multicolored check patterns are highly decorative. Madras are also printed on cotton or woven on viscose taffeta. As curtains, wall hangings or on a sofa, they give a room an extraordinary sparkle. As tablecloths in summer, they add a fresh, exotic touch.

MAIN

Often used subjectively, to describe the feeling of thickness and consistency of a fabric held in the hand.

MARABOUT

Marabout is a very thick, short wick of wool, cotton or viscose that borders a cushion or accentuates a sofa. Generally made of multicolored threads, marabout was used in the Napoleon III style, replacing piping. Ottomanes, sofas without cuffs, are often trimmed in marabout.

MARQUISETTE

Lightweight, open-weave gauze fabric for blinds and curtains. Long made in warp and weft, it is now also knitted on a non-woven loom. Originally made from cotton, it is now available in a wide range of chemical fibers, both pure and blended.

MARTINDALE

A Martindale is a device for testing the abrasion resistance of textile products. Following the procedure laid down in standard NF EN ISO 12947-2, samples of approximately 4cm in diameter are taken at random from the fabric. Once installed on the Martindale machine, these samples are brought into contact with a standardized woollen fabric at a pressure of 12 kPa, and rubbed following a well-defined rotational movement. The standard considers the fabric to be resistant until at least 2 threads have broken or, in the case of velvets, until the pile has completely disappeared. The result of the Martindale test corresponds to the number of turns performed at the moment of breakage/degradation of the fabric, thus qualifying the resistance of fabrics and giving indications as to the type of use they can withstand: less than 10. 000 turns: not recommended for seating, decorative use; between 10,000 and 15,000 turns: moderate use, occasional seating (e.g. guest armchairs); between 15,000 and 20,000 turns: normal, daily use (e.g. family sofa); over 20,000 turns: intensive use, continuous use (e.g. hotel lobby). Please note: abrasion resistance is not the only factor to be considered when determining the use of a fabric. Other technical criteria must also be taken into account (tendency to pilling, color bleeding). Unlike the Wyzenbeek Test, which complies with American standards, the Martindale Test complies with European standards.

MATTRESS / QULTED FABRIC

Traditionally, mattresses and pillows were covered with a bis and white striped cotton fabric, tightly woven to contain the feather or down filling. This canvas, used for decoration, has now taken on a more colorful look, as editors have discovered its simplicity and durability. It can be found in seaside homes in blue and white, as curtains, covers, cushions and wall hangings. The quilted fabric is lined with a cotton batting, the two elements being held together by stitching, with the seam thread remaining visible. Pierre Frey offers a "made-to-measure" quilting service, according to your choice of fabrics and finishes.

MERCERISING

Named after John Mercer, the English printer who invented the process in 1844. Cotton or linen yarn or fabric that has undergone passage through a concentrated soda solution under tension. This treatment, applied to yarns or fabrics, gives them better dye affinity, greater mechanical resistance and a smooth, shiny appearance that is often sought-after.

MERCHANT FOLD

Marked fold in the middle of a fabric, parallel to the selvedges, which can appear when a fabric has been folded (see folding). If it disappears after ironing, it is imperative to unroll and unfold the piece immediately upon receipt. Pierre Frey's wide-width precious fabrics are delivered in full width.

METALLIZED

A fabric to which a layer of powdered aluminum has been applied in a vacuum. The fabric can then be varnished to give it a variety of colors, which also makes it more resistant to abrasion.

METIS

It's a fabric with a linen weft and a cotton warp. Commonly used in the manufacture of household linen, tablecloths and tea towels, métis is also used in furnishings. The English love this blend, which they use to make large, rustic printed canvases that combine the matte, solidity of linen with the easy-care qualities of cotton. In France, métis gives curtains and sofa covers a "country" look. What's more, it ages very well.

MILLERAIES

Design consisting of fine parallel stripes or ribs running lengthwise along the piece. Fabric: the woven article is executed in a plain weave with threads of the desired color for the stripe, and generally white threads for the background. The same effect can be achieved by printing. Velvet: velvets with very fine longitudinal ribs are known as milleraies.

MIXED TECHNIQUE

Pierre Frey’s contemporary creations open new paths in the production of rugs and explores the mixing of the techniques to play with the contrast of the different renderings. It is therefore the mixture of these different techniques that la Maison Pierre Frey groups together under the name “mixed techniques”.

The “Saudade” technique, for example, mixes the flat woven fabric for the bottom of the rugs in a textile effe

MOHAIR

Mohair fiber comes from the hair of the angora goat (not to be confused with angora rabbit hair). A fine, soft and silky textile, it has a natural sheen and an excellent affinity for dyeing. Originally from the Turkish province of Angora, Angora goats are now also bred in South Africa and Texas. Worldwide, there are less than 10 million goats of this fragile breed. Used pure or blended with wools of various origins, it is used in the manufacture of luxury fabrics for men's and women's clothing. Lightweight, warm blankets are woven with loop-pile yarn and then scraped.

MOIRE

Moire is a textile with a shimmering wave effect, obtained by hot-pressing the fabric selvage to selvage. This shiny textile is particularly suitable for wall hangings and curtains, as its fragility would cause it to lose its appearance if stretched over a seat due to friction. It is also resistant to water, which causes its shiny effects to disappear. Plain, striped or printed, moire inevitably attracts the eye with its changing, undulating reflections

MORTISE

The mortise is the carved-out part of the mortise and tenon joint. It is the “female part”.

MORTISE AND TENON

The mortise and tenon is a joinery method where two pieces of wood are embedded one in the other. This creates a solid, high-quality and long-lasting assembly that preserves traditional cabinetmaking and carpentry knowledge and practices. Mortises and tenons are used when the pieces to be assembled are wide or large enough for this technique.

MUSLIN

Muslin is a thin, loosely woven, transparent plain weave that can be used as a screen. Today, cotton and wool muslin, printed with paisley patterns, is suitable for table mats, sofa throws and sheers. To be avoided completely stretched over a seat.

MUSLIN

Lightweight and made of cotton, muslin originated in the Iraqi city of Mosul. It arrived in Marseille, where it was used to make mosquito nets. Today, this vaporous weave is used for sheers and canopies. Gather abundantly.

NANKEEN

A cotton fabric, tightly woven in a solid plain or twill weave, which owes its distinctive color to the buff-yellow Chinese cotton (from the port of Nanjing) originally used.

NATTÉ

A fabric whose weave, derived from plain weave, produces a checkerboard effect. No doubt evocative of primitive weaving (or rather braiding) with straw or leaves. Whereas in plain weave a warp thread passes successively above and below each weft thread, in braided weave two or more warp threads interweave with an identical number of weft threads; this is why the crossing of the threads is more apparent, giving a checkerboard effect. Braids can be made from all types of fiber, but are mainly found in cotton and wool. If they are too loose, they are liable to slip at the seams and distort, but Pierre Frey's engineers take great care to ensure the best possible performance.

NATURAL FIBER

Natural fibres are textile fibres from the plant or animal world. They come from plants such as cotton, bamboo or from animals such as wool from a sheep’s fleece, or silk.

NERVOSITÉ

Quality of a support which, naturally or by chemical treatment, returns more or less rapidly to its initial shape after deformation.

NON-FLAMMABLE

Said of a textile which, when subjected to the initiating effect of a flame (or any other means of ignition), does not propagate the flame when the heat source is removed. This quality may be: - linked to the nature of the fiber, such as wool (above a certain weight per m2), or certain synthetic fibers (aramid, polyamide-imide, flame-retardant polyester, chlorofiber, modacryl, trevira) - conferred by treatment on a fabric: fireproof cotton See Fireproofing.

NONWOVEN FABRIC

Nonwovens first appeared in the 1940s, and did not develop significantly until the 1960s. Textile structure resulting from the binding or interlacing of fibers arranged in a web by mechanical, chemical, heat or solvent means, or a combination of these. We use chemical-artificial or synthetic fibers cut to a specific length, and weave them together using various processes (dry or wet). The few transformations undergone by the fibers and the speed of the manufacturing process (a few hundred meters per minute versus 10/15 centimeters per minute for weaving) make it an inexpensive product particularly suited to disposable items. Uses: baby diapers, surgical garments, household linen.

OAK

Oak is one of the highest quality varieties of wood. It’s a hardwood tree with solid, dense properties that make it an extremely robust material. Its mechanical properties are even more resilient due to the heartwood’s ability to resist fluctuations in dryness and moisture. Its slender grain structure makes it easy to recognize. It’s brownish yellow wood becomes darker in the light. It is a popular type of wood for woodworking because of its many qualities. It has great consistency, solidity and stability as well as being easy to work with. It can be bleached, sanded, aged and stained. However, it doesn’t have much color. Oak can be used either outside and inside, as a veneer material or in solid pieces. With a traditional, rustic or contemporary style, oak furniture can be adapted to all decorating styles.

OBERKAMPF (1738-1815)

Christophe-Philippe Oberkampf was born in Germany in 1738. His grandfather and father were printers. During his childhood, his father taught him the trade on his business trips. In 1755, the family moved to Switzerland. In 1758, Christophe-Philippe left his family to travel and perfect his skills in Alsace. The same year, he moved to Paris to work for Cottin. In 1760, Tavannes offered him a partnership to create a new factory in Jouy-en-Josas. The factory quickly acquired a great reputation. It became a royal factory in 1783. The factory was famous for its beautiful cameo canvases, but these represented only a small proportion of production (650 monochrome designs, compared with over 30,000 polychrome designs for fashion). In 1806, he was awarded the Légion d'Honneur by Napoleon I. He died in 1815. His son Emile succeeded him at the head of the factory.

OFFCUT

Short length of a piece of fabric, generally less than 5 meters.

OLEOFUGATION

Treatment to reduce the affinity of textiles for greasy soiling.

ORGANDI

Named after a city in the Steppes where Arabs and Chinese traded a millennium ago, organdi is a very light cotton muslin made by weaving very fine, over-twisted threads and then specially finishing them. Ideal for embroidered sheers, placemats and tablecloths. The stiffness and crease-resistant properties provided by priming followed by calendering are more or less permanent, depending on the treatment adopted.

OTTOMAN

An ottoman is similar to a low stool and is used to prop up feet when someone is in a sitting position. It is often attached to an armchair.

OTTOMAN

Taking its name from a fabric known in Turkey as long as 500 years ago, this is a cotton fabric with large horizontal ribs and a full warp that completely covers the weft. Sometimes blended with viscose, plain or broadly striped, it is ideal for wall hangings, and looks just as elegant on sofas. 

OUTDOOR

Pierre Frey outdoor fabrics, rugs and carpets are perfectly adapted for an outside use. Their fibers are highly resistant to sunlight, sea and chlorinated water.

PADDING

A quilted fabric used as is or to line certain garments, wadding is to clothing what fleece is to furnishings.

PALEMPORE

These panels feature a central field with a tree of life or repetitive motif, surrounded by a wide border with a floral or animal motif. There are seventeen in our collection, seven of which have been republished under the Braquenié label. The creation of the Compagnie française des Indes orientales in 1664 by Colbert played an active role in the distribution of these light, colorful fabrics in France, which were a great success from the outset. Printed canvas comes in two forms: pieces of around twenty meters in length, or panels known as palempores. The latter were used as wall tapestries or bedspreads. Highly prized from the end of the 17th century, their importation increased over time: 700 in 1682, 2406 in 1683 and 7286 in 1784.

PALLÉ

As far back as the Middle Ages, strips of fabric were sewn together to form fabrics, a kind of long patchwork before its time. This technique can also be found in certain African fabrics. Nowadays, the most sophisticated decorators and upholsterers use the same technique to make striped fabrics in different colors, dazzling and singular in curtains. 

PANAMA

A braided weave fabric (open, therefore airy) inspired by the weaving of Panama hats, made of small regular or irregular checks, suitable for embroidery canvas.

PANNE

Velvet-like fabric, ideally made of silk but possibly of chemical materials, with very shiny, flat-lying pile. Hair length is intermediate between velvet and plush. The effect is reminiscent of animal fur or bird feathers. Its softness and resistance make it particularly suitable for upholstery use.

PASS-TUFT

The Pass Tuft technique is a contemporary process that uses the principle of hand tufting, i.e. the use of an electric gun to form the velvet by firing the wool strands onto a previously printed canvas. In the case of the Pass Tuft, the manual gun is replaced by a small machine with a group of needles that will apply the wool strands mechanically, in a complete area and no longer point by point.This technique is not adapted to designs. It is only used for stripes or checks but mostly employed to produce plain carpets. It nevertheless allows to play with relief effects and can be used with an infinity of materials (wool, silk…). In a last step, a drawing on the velvet can be obtained by chasing. Chasing is an artisanal and artistic process that consists in manually sculpting the velvet using an electric chisel. Then, at will, geometric shapes or patterns with delicate curves are drawn.

PATCHWORK

Fabric made from disparate pieces of fabric sewn together, edge to edge, originally for economy among pioneer women in the USA. Certain prints or shaped jacquards imitate the disparate appearance of these fabrics, evoking this popular textile art. This is the origin of the word "quilt", of which Pierre Frey offers many custom-made variants, admittedly more opulent, to suit your every whim.

PEACH-FINISH

Surface treatment by scraping to give fabrics a suede-like appearance.

PEELING

Excess fibre on carpet or rug. As a general rule, a recent carpet plushes more than an old one, which is quite natural since an old one has been vacuumed more. A good rule of thumb is not to try to suck up all the excess at once on a new carpet, as this would damage it unnecessarily. Prefer to vacuum the carpet normally and you will remove all the remaining fluff.

PEKIN

As its name suggests, this ancient gouache-painted silk fabric originated in China. It was made of broad, matt, shiny stripes, sometimes decorated with flowers or butterflies. Very popular with Madame de Pompadour, who used it to cover her armchairs. Vertical stripes, obtained by the juxtaposition of alternating matt and shiny materials, play on the opposition of two colors or the combination of these processes. Originally made of silk, they are now used on all textiles. In single-color fabrics, the opposition of stripes is due to the use of different weaves that reflect light in different ways. The effect can be accentuated by using yarns dyed in two colors; stripes can also be made from yarns of two materials that take on different colors when dyed.

PERCALE

Percale is a fine, tightly woven cotton fabric of Persian origin ("Parkala" in Iran). It is printed with flowers, fruits, leaves and paisleys. After being glazed by calendering, percale becomes chintz (see this word), giving it a subtle freshness. Percale is also used for sheets.

PERMANENT FINISH

This refers to a primer that does not wash off during successive maintenance operations, whether aqueous or solvent-based. To maintain its permanent qualities, it is essential that the user be informed of maintenance conditions, in particular the maximum washing temperature, the number and nature of maintenance cycles, and the solvents to be avoided. Please refer to the instructions for use on the labels and in the Pierre Frey catalog, or, if in doubt, consult our textile engineers.

PERSE

Persian was originally an Indienne. The first printed fabric, it was adorned with paisley motifs, arabesques and stylized flowers. Today, it adds a discreetly exotic touch to the home. It can be reprinted from old documents in Pierre Frey's extensive archives, readapted and sometimes recolored. In its classic version, and in possible more contemporary transpositions, it remains eternally elegant and unpretentious.

PERSIAN KNOT

Asymmetrical knot, senneh knot, farsibaff.

PICK

Unit represented, between selvedges, by the weft thread inserted into the warp to form the fabric, thus defining the tightness of a fabric. All the weft threads are referred to as the "weft". The number of warp threads per centimeter and the number of picks per centimeter define the context of a fabric. See Contexture. Count in picks: number of picks in a given unit of length, usually the centimeter. For example, 15 picks per cm. Yarn deposited by a weft passage. Duitage: number of wefts in a given dimension (reduction).

PICOT

Markings of small holes aligned along the edges of a fabric. These are the marks of the needles that hold the fabric in place during stenter treatment after finishing.

 

PIECE OF FABRIC

A specific metre of fabric, constituting a sales unit for the manufacturer. The term "pièce" is rather imprecise, as it can cover very different lengths. In France, cotton pieces were for a long time 100 meters long, cloth pieces around 50 meters, while silk was often sold in 35-meter pieces. But this could also be different in England, for example. Today, although the terms "piece discount" are still used in most publishers' catalogs, when purchasing fabric it is advisable to specify the number of meters rather than the number of pieces.

PILE

The term pile describes the upper surface of a rug/carpet. Originally, it was obtained by cutting one of the warp yarns during weaving. By extension, we also call pile a cut tuft whose yarn loses its twist during cutting. It has a very regular surface appearance, with a very soft feel when the fibers are thin, or with a harder feel when the fibers are thick, making a carpet more or less resistant.

PIPING

Piping is a very common upholstery finish. It is made in the sewing workshop and is used to emphasize the curves and lines of the chair. It is made using a cord of varying diameter that is wrapped in a strip of fabric. Piping can be made with the same fabric used on the chair for a tone-on-tone effect or with a different fabric or color to give the furniture a decorative touch.

PIPING SEAM

Piping is a finish often used in tapestry. It is produced in the sewing workshop. It emphasizes the curves and lines of the seat. It consists of a variable-diameter cord covered with a strip of fabric. The piping can be made in the same fabric as the seat, or in a different fabric/color to add a decorative signature.

PIQUÉ

Piqué is a fleece fabric whose designs, thanks to two warps, form relief effects (lozenges, honeycomb, arabesques). In 100% cotton or many other materials, white piqué is a superb fabric for bed throws, easy to care for and looking as if it had been needle-punched. In silk, it becomes luxurious. A cousin of boutis, it is also available in color. Piqué is sold by the meter in 140cm and large widths (280 cm). Example B7539 Monbazillac.

PIQÛRE RETOURNÉE

This is a single-stitched design, with the 2 parts folded over on either side and topstitched.

PLACED MOTIF

Isolated motif depending on the item to be made, and created using different techniques (printing, embroidery, shaping).

PLAIN-SAWN WOOD

Plain-sawn wood refers to wood cut across the wood’s growth rings. This type of cut produces wider veins that have irregular, asymmetrical patterns with elliptical or ovoid shapes. In this case, they have a flame-like appearance. 

PLEATED PLEATING

Flat, repetitive ripple in a fabric. It is "permanent" in polyester. The best-known is the "Fortuny" pleat, which is used to make curtains, but good upholsterers will suggest a sun pleat or accordion pleat. A pleated valance is also an attractive finish for cushions, curtain bottoms, valances and table mats. Colored pleated ribbons are also available on the market. A flat pleat for girdling a headboard is also interesting.

PLUSH

From the Italian "peluccio", itself derived from the Latin "pilus" meaning hair. A velvet-type fabric (a "ground" warp and a "pile" warp linked by the same weft) or a warp knit fabric with long pile on one side, in any material, pure or blended. Whereas velvet has a short pile, plush is characterized by a long, flat, shiny pile. Plush can also be used to make good imitations of animal furs, which remains its main application in decoration.

POCKET WEAVE

A kind of "double cloth" for double-sided use, with a positive and a negative on both sides of the weave.

POLKA DOTS

A circular pattern used to decorate fabric. Polka dots, a kind of pastille of varying diameter, are white or colored, and stand out against a white or colored background. Polka dots are produced in a variety of ways: - in weaving, never a perfect circle but, visually, the impression of circularity is sufficient.  printing - embroidery. Other processes are also used, including flocking. 

POLYESTER WADDING

At the end of the upholstery process, wadding is applied to cover the foam, once the padding is fully prepared. Its purpose is to protect the foam and give the upholstered fabric a clean, flawless look when it is placed over the structure. Wadding is easily attached to the foam and provides cushioning to the seat.

POMPADOUR

The Marquise de Pompadour was the favorite of Louis XV. A great patron of the arts, she commissioned many works from the most famous cabinetmakers, porcelain manufacturers and painters. For fabrics, she was particularly fond of floral motifs (bouquets and roses) in damasks, moirés and "Pompadour" indiennes.

PONGÉ

Originally a light taffeta-weave fabric, warp and weft in raw silk, piece-dyed, for plain and background printing, from the Far East. By extension, any lightweight artificial or synthetic fabric, taffeta weave. See Shantung.

POPLIN

Plain weave fabric characterized by a fairly fine, very pronounced ribbing, perpendicular to the selvedges. This appearance is due to the use of fine, high-density yarns in the warp (1.5 to 3 times more than in the weft), while the weft, less tightly woven, is made of a notably coarser yarn. The best qualities are made from twisted warp and weft and Egyptian combed cotton. Cotton poplin is mainly used to make very fine, solid shirts, and is also used as a backing for certain Braquenié prints.

POUF

A pouf is an individual seat composed of a cushion that makes up its entire structure. In contrast to the stool, its feet are almost invisible. The height of the seat is lounge height.

PRINCE-OF-WALES CHECK

Large, complex tile made up of small houndstooth-weave tiles at each corner, connected by vertical and transverse stripes. The finer the thread, the smaller the pattern ratio. Black and white and navy and white are the most classic colors, but other color variations are also available. Originally made from wool, they are now available in all fibers.

PRINT

Print is a fabric whose patterns are obtained by the direct application of color. The technique, invented in India (see Indians, whose earliest records date back to -2500/-1500 BC), was introduced in France in the 18th century. Jouy-en-Josas, Nantes, Rouen, Bordeaux and Alsace were major centers of woodblock printing. Today, most printing is done on frames, cylinders and inkjets. The complexity of a design determines the number of color passes (or frames) needed to produce it, and sets the cost. At Pierre Frey, you'll find a breakdown of all the colors involved at the edge of each print. Ideal for ensuring the harmony of a room. Floral patterns are the most popular. Large prints are ideal for high ceilings. A good design doesn't "dance" before your eyes. Pierre Frey showrooms are ideal for choosing fabrics on large slopes and getting a better idea of the final look.

PRINTED CARPET

Printing contemporary technique with ink applied on a white tufted carpet, in wide width. Allows the finest designs and a huge color spectrum, for impressive aspect.

PRINTED EDGES

Decorated edges were often originally found on Indiennes or Indian fabrics, and probably inspired the printed borders that adorn the edge of a patterned fabric. Upholsterers can cut them to make tiebacks or valances.

QUILT

It's a quilted quilt of Scandinavian origin, filled with down, feathers or synthetic fibers, which are easier to care for, machine washable and dryable, hypoallergenic, mildew- and moth-resistant. Covers are also available.

QUILTED FABRIC

The quilted fabric is lined with a cotton batting, the two elements being held together by stitching, with the sewing thread remaining visible. Pierre Frey offers a "made-to-measure" quilting service based on your choice of fabrics and finishes.

QUILTS

Originally, it was a finely stitched, wick-worked fabric used by elegant Provençal women for their fashions. Now blankets, they were piled on beds. Nowadays, quilts can be found on sofas and tables, adding an air of charm to country homes. Double-sided in flowery prints and small-patterned cretonnes, they're recognizable by their tight stitching. The spirit of quilts can also be found in quilted blankets.

RAIL

Rails are pieces of wood place horizontally on the frame. For information purposes, four rails are needed to make the apron. The stiles are also connected by one or two rails.

RUG

Textile floor covering of defined size, the rugs have been in use since the earliest antiquity with oriental carpets, in wool or silk, imported from Turkey, China, India and Iran. Kilims, for example, were sought after for their geometric patterns, flat appearance and dense colouring. Nepalese velvety wool carpets in muted colours also find a prominent place. Another style, the carpet with a small dot, inspired by the 18th century, is decorated with flowers and ribbons, but can also be combined with 20th century designs. There is a series of tufted rugs by contemporary designers that renew the genre.

RUNNER

A narrow-width rug or carpet used to cover a small width of the floor, such as corridors or staircases.

RUNNER

A narrow-width rug or carpet used to cover a small width of the floor, such as corridors or staircases.

SAMPLE

A small quantity of a fabric that is displayed to give an image of the whole. Whether in zigzags, squares, books or hangers, you'll find it at our best retailers, using the store locator, or in our showrooms.

SAPWOOD

Sapwood is the part of the tree found between the heartwood and the cambium. This peripheral area is lighter, clearer, softer and more porous than the heartwood. Since the sapwood is of lower quality and more mechanically weak, it is not used in the building of our frames.

 

SAVONNERIE

The drawing of the rug is made step by step following a model on a grid paper. The wool yarns are individually knotted by hand on vertical looms along the entire width of the belt, line by line. The weft threads are tightened by hand with a comb. This technique allows the use of an infinite color palette and creates very precise designs. There are several types of knotted stitches. The knotted stitch technique, such as Savonnerie, was once used by the Manufacture de la Savonnerie de Paris for the Kings of France. The difference between the Portuguese point and the Nepalese point lies in the size of the point and therefore in the number of knots per cm2. The smaller the point, the more precise the drawing. The choice depends on the desired rendering. The Portuguese knotted stitch is larger for a more rustic, rougher effect. The Nepalese knotted stitch is finer for a more sophisticated, detailed effect.

SCROLL

The scroll is a shape with an extremity that ends in a volute. In the Pierre Frey furniture collection, it is found on the edges of backrests or armrests (Dominique sofa, Blandine armchair, etc.).

SCROLL BACK

The scroll back is characterized by a top edge that is rolled back, forming a volute.

SEA-GRASS

Sea-grass is a plant fiber derived from seaweed, used to make rugs and carpets from sewn-together braided strips. It has long been found in English castles. It needs to be regularly sprinkled with water to prevent it from becoming brittle. Carpets have a fine texture, a latex backing, and retain an indefinable green hue. These two coverings are ideal for homes: they don't get dirty, don't fear humidity, and don't mind coming and going from the garden to the interior.

SELVEDGE

The selvedge ends the width of the fabric on either side. Selvedges are woven at the same time as the fabric itself; they are made of more warp threads than the fabric itself, or of thicker threads, to reinforce the fabric's strength. This is because selvedges have to withstand all the stresses inherent in weaving and the subsequent operations of dyeing, finishing, drying, etc. Talking selvedge: a selvedge on which an inscription such as the manufacturer's name or the fabric's designation is legibly woven or printed.

SEMI-PLAIN

Fabric with a weave, a design with blended colors giving the appearance of a plain.

SERGE

In upholstery, it's a heavy wool weave that adds softness and warmth to the home. What's more, it's flame-retardant. As a curtain, sofa or table rug, it has a remarkable fall.

SEWING

Needlework generally practiced in garment workshops. Curtains, blinds, bedspreads and cushions, including linings, batting and bias, are made by machine or by hand for certain finishes. This meticulous work is available from our best retailers in our store locator section.

SHADING

A distinct colour difference (darker or lighter) that occurs in cut pile carpets. The difference in colour is caused by a difference in pile orientation on certain areas that reflect more or less light.

SHAGGY

This is a pile carpet cut to a high pile height (about 40mm). There are even supershags with a pile height of 70mm. Due to the high height of the pile, the yarns can no longer stand and fall, producing a typical scrambled surface that resembles fine cut tobacco (shag).

It is a very soft and decorative carpet, but not very resistant to wear and tear. It is mainly suitable for informal premises with low traffic frequency. It is not suitable for stairs.

SHEER

This textile with its large, wide, supple mesh is very common in Scandinavian homes and is still very much in vogue for very contemporary sheers.

SHEET

Also used to designate linen, cotton or cotton blend fabric for bedding.

SINGLE NEEDLE STITCHING

The single needle stitching is a joining seam. It is done using a straight stitch and is used to bind different pieces of fabric or leather together. The stitches are not visible. It’s the most discreet stitch.

SISAL

Sisal is a Mexican agave whose leaves have fibres used to make carpets. Sisal is strong and has a natural appearance that interior designers appreciate. Softer on the foot than coconut, and also finer, it is available in carpet with a latex backing. It is found with a coarse rib or relief weaving effect. Sisal is suitable for modern settings, and gives a chic country tone to the city. Its rustic texture and natural look make it an easy to use material.

SLIPPER CHAIR

A slipper chair is a low, comfortable, individual seat. It has no armrests, only a seat and a back rest. The height of the seat is lower than lounge height. It was originally used to get warm next to a fireplace.  

 

SMALL DOT

This tapestry stitch, which was very successfull in the 18th century, is made with a needle on canvas. Cushions, stylish armchairs, foot-stools are adorned in small dot tapistries, ideal for cosy settings. There are also carpets made with small dots, with traditional or more recent patterns.

SOFA

A sofa is a seat that can hold several people. It has two armrests, a back, and a seating area.

SOFA BED

A sofa bed has the same characteristics as a standard sofa. However, it can be transformed into a bed when it is unfolded.  On a sofa bed, the seat cushions are independent of the mattress, in contrast to a convertible sofa, where the mattress is the seat.

SOLID FRAME

A solid frame is a wooden board made from a wooden panel that the padding is placed on. It replaces a base made up of straps and springs in cases where firmer cushioning is wanted.

SOLID WOOD

These are pieces of solid wood made from preparation processes done on the wood coming directly from the sawmills. 

SQUARE BLOCKS

Square blocks are a cubed piece that connect the chair’s legs to its apron and frame. It is often the support base for the arm posts. On stylized chairs, it is normally sculpted.

STAIN

This is coloring that provides a range of different wood tones and thus the possibility to give the finishing the appearance of a type of wood other than the wood to which it is applied. For example, a mahogany or walnut finish on a frame made of beech. Staining is a coating that lets the wood’s original grain come through with varying levels of transparency. 

STAIN REPELLENT

Treatments applied to certain fabrics or carpets at the time of manufacture to protect them from soiling and prevent stains from becoming permanent.

STEELE

Steele is another type of nylon specially designed for high traffic areas and public places. It has excellent resilience combined with a more subtle and less pronounced sheen than the shiny nylon used by Pierre Frey.

STENCIL

The stencil is a sheet of cardboard or metal cut to color, with a brush, the design according to the shape of the cut-out. It can be used to decorate curtains, carpets, bedspreads, tablecloths, blinds, furniture and wooden floors. It's a way of personalizing a plain canvas or a window surround. There are also stencilled fabrics and carpets made from tarpaulin. It's also a stencil printing technique.

STILES

The stiles are the vertical pieces of wood that are joined to the chair’s apron.

STITCH

Although we often read or hear the expressions "knitted fabric" or "woven fabric", it seems preferable to reserve the term "fabric" for "woven" articles, i.e. those made up of a warp and a weft. For items made up of meshes, the term "knit" is used, or, more generally, "fabrics", which covers both woven and knitted items. Stitches are the basic element of a knitted fabric; a stitch is a loop of yarn completely closed and passed through the loop preceding it. 

STOOL

A stool is an individual chair composed of a seat perched on legs. The height of the seat is lounge height.

STRAIGHT BACKREST

A straight backrest has no curves.

STRETCHED FABRIC

Stretched canvas is the most classic upholstery finish. The upholster uses pieces of cut fabric that he stretches as perfectly as possible over the entire structure. No folds or creases are visible. The finishing is clean and the fabric displays the lines of the furniture perfectly. The pieces of fabric are not sewn together, but are directly attached to the seat’s structure. Therefore, no creative sewn finishing can be done in this case (saddle stitches, felled seam, etc.).

STRETCHER

A stretcher is a rail that connects the two chair legs. It maintains the space between the legs to ensure the chair’s stability. On stylized chairs, its surface is normally sculpted, lathed or shaped.

 

STRUCTURED CARPET

The structured carpets are woven on jacquard velvet looms whose denser texture has been studied to allow use on the ground. Unlike classic curly velvet, structured carpets are composed of loops of different heights, creating superb 3D relief effects and a depth effect.

TAPERED LEG

A tapered leg is a leg with a circular cross-section and a diameter that is larger on top than at the bottom Its diameter gets progressively and proportionately smaller from the top to the bottom of the foot.

TAPESTRY

A work of art made on special looms known as high and low smooth looms for furniture decoration, walling and flooring. It also designates a manual embroidery made on canvas which was a hobby of elegant women in the 18th century. This technique is marked by famous names: Flanders, Savonneries, Aubusson, Beauvais or Gobelins, some of whose workshops (Aubusson and Gobelins) are still in operation. Many old tapestries can be found in antique shops. The numerous Braquenié archives at Pierre Frey allow for re-publishing or adaptation, while respecting original traditions and know-how.

TARP

Originally used to cover goods to protect them from the elements; by extension, waterproofed or plasticized strong fabric with plain weave.

TARTAN

It's a wide-checked woollen fabric formed by vertical lines crossing horizontal ones, whose bright colors were a sign of recognition of the clan to which the Scotsman who wore it as a kilt belonged. This design invaded the home in the Victorian era. Today, it's used in junior bedrooms, offices and club settings.

TENON

The tenon is the “male part” of a wooden piece designed to be inserted in the female part of another piece. The two interlock and hold together.

TERRY CLOTH

Cotton terry is used to make towels and bath sheets; its ability to absorb moisture depends on the number of threads per square centimeter, which determines its weight. The heavier the sponge, the better its quality. There are jacquard terries with chiseled or embroidered patterns, fringed with fringe or lace, printed, plain with bright colors, stripes or checks.

TEXTILE MATERIALS

Natural or chemical fibrous or filamentary materials for the manufacture of textile articles.

THREAD COUNT

Thread count: the number of warp threads in a given centimeter or dimension of fabric and, at the same time, the powerful little magnifying glass for counting threads in a given dimension.

TIBETAN KNOT

A knot that is made by using a rod placed temporarily on the chain.

TIEBACK

This is a cord or band that holds curtains in place. The most commonly used model is a thick, two-centimeter-diameter cord, which is double-hung on a concealed peg. The tieback can be made from the same fabric as the curtain, with a large knot. Faille or taffeta are suitable for this purpose. It can be braided ribbon, embellished with drops of cut glass, garlands of fabric flowers, hemp canvas embroidered in white. You'll find finely-worked braids and guipures that make beautiful tiebacks. Made of simple or wrought metal, they are called swan-necks or rinceaux.

TIP-SHEARING

A loop-pile carpet or rug whose ends of the highest loops are shaved by the passing of a mower. This results in a particular effect of a partially cut/uncut pile.

TOPSTITCH

A topstitch is a visible seam that strengthens or decorates a piece.

TREE OF LIFE

A detailed motif with Buddhist and Muslim symbols that also has roots in European and Norse mythology in particular. Often found on prayer rugs. Found as a rug, it is tightly knotted with New Zealand wool.

TRIMMINGS

Originally, trimmings consisted of strips of fabric used to decorate clothing, and later draperies. It took on a wide variety of forms and became an art craft. Today, it embellishes curtains, sofas, wall hangings and cushions in opulent settings, such as those favored by Jacques Garcia. Cables, tassel tiebacks, cartisanes, cocorinettes, marabouts, cordelières, galons, jasmines, bangs, ganses, lézardes - the variations are numerous. Ideally coordinated with a Braquenié print, trimmings are laid like jewels by upholsterers. 

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VARNISH

Varnish is a more or less “decorative” resin with characteristics that differ depending on the desired quality. It is applied to a stained or lacquered surface for esthetic purposes (gloss, matte) and/or to protect the stained piece from dust, impacts and scratches.Transparency, gloss and resistance vary with the varnish’s components.

 

VERTICAL GRAIN WOOD

Vertical-grain wood refers to wood cut lengthwise up the trunk, meaning in the direction of the tree’s growth. The patterns that the wood fibers make on the surface of the board produce regular and parallel grains that give a meshed appearance. In woodworking, vertical-grain wood is the most commonly used, particularly for all of the straight pieces. 

WALNUT

There are 20 different types of walnut wood, and each of them have their own characteristics depending on their origin. The European Walnut is found in Southwestern Europe, the Eastern Black Walnut grows in North America and the California Black Walnut grows in the Western United States. Walnut wood has a typical color between a reddish tone and a dark coffee color.   Walnut wood is very stable and less sensitive to temperature and moisture fluctuations than other types of wood. It is considered one of the most temperature-resistant types of wood. Despite its resilience, it is very easy to work with, both by hand and with machines. It absorbs varnish and stains very well. It is very often used in furniture for its aesthetic qualities. 

WARP

A key element in weaving, warp threads are a set of parallel, evenly-spaced threads obtained by warping, then wound onto a warp beam that feeds the loom. Warp threads are therefore laid out along the length of a piece of fabric, or parallel to the selvedges. Conversely, threads running perpendicular to the selvedges are called weft threads.

WARPING

Preparation of warp yarn sheets for weaving and knitting. These yarn sheets are then wound onto a warp beam to feed the loom.

WATER RESISTANT

Water-resistant: refers to textiles that naturally absorb water, but which have been treated by impregnation or coating in such a way that they are resistant to water penetration.

WATER-REPELLENT

Water-repellent treatment of a substrate, allowing liquids to slide over the textile surface without penetrating it.

WEAVE

Weave simply describes the way in which warp and weft threads are interwoven, and is not a function of the number of threads or their thickness (for this, see the notion of contexture). There are three basic weaves: Plain weave (or taffeta). This is the simplest and strongest weave. A weft thread passes alternately over and under the warp threads. This interlacing is repeated throughout the piece. Front and back are identical. The term taffeta is used for continuous threads (polyester, silk). Some examples: in cotton: cretonne, poplin, gingham, in wool: flannel, woollen cloth in silk: crêpe de Chine, taffeta, shantung Twill weave: The weft thread passes over, then under, several warp threads, with one thread unhooked at each duite (weft thread). This weave forms a diagonal (or rib) visible only on the right side of the fabric; it is inclined from left to right or right to left, usually at 45°, examples: in cotton: denim, finette, gabardine in wool: gabardine, serge, tricotine in silk: surah, twill Satin weave: This is characterized by the fact that one weft thread (duite) covers at least 4 warp threads, or one warp thread covers at least 4 weft threads, giving the fabric its smooth, shiny appearance. This covering is called "float" and the fabric is referred to as warp satin or weft satin. This weave produces a less resistant fabric than the two previous weaves. The appearance of the two sides of the fabric is different... in cotton: moleskin, satinette...Weave is the adjective derived from the term weave and designates fabrics presenting on their surface varied effects of patterns obtained in weaving by the combination of different weaves.

WEIGHT

Characterizes the weight (or mass) of a fabric, defined either by weight per square meter or by weight per running meter (any width). Pierre Frey's heaviest fabric is Teddy mohair velvet, with a weight of 1270g per linear meter.

WIDTH

Synonymous with width (of a fabric from one edge to the other), the term laize is used rather than width in expressions such as: pièce roulée toute laize, bande de 0m20 demi-laize.

WIDTH

The classic width of an upholstery fabric is 130, 140 or even 150 or 160 cm. However, 280 and 290 cm are also available. Some silks are woven in narrow widths of 70 or 80 cm. The usable width is the width excluding selvedges. See Width.

WILTON

It is a traditional carpet weaving process. It is a mechanical weaving, made on jacquard velvet looms but with a denser texture, developed to withstand use on the ground. Its double weft yarn and wool composition give it dimensional stability and remarkable resistance when laid under tension.The use of semi-combed wool gives finesse and a light glow. The velvet appearance can be cut or curled. It is mainly made of 100% wool.

WILTON CARPETS

It is a traditional carpet weaving process. It is a mechanical weaving, made on jacquard velvet looms but with a denser texture, developed to withstand use on the ground. Its double weft yarn and wool composition give it dimensional stability and remarkable resistance when laid under tension.The use of semi-combed wool gives finesse and a light glow. The velvet appearance can be cut or curled. It is mainly made of 100% wool.

WING

The wing is the part of an armrest located between the seat and the arm of an armchair.

WOOD PANEL

These are wide parallelepiped sheets made of thin wooden boards glued together or sheets made of fibers or particulars bonded together... Wooden panels are used to make fairly large surfaces, solid or curved, for which solid wood would be inappropriate.

 

WOODBLOCK

Small, engraved instrument used to print cotton fabrics. Today, there are very few workshops where block printing is still practiced. By special order, however, and with the requisite patience, Pierre Frey can offer you fantastic designs made from the very old wood and copper plates originally used by Braquenié.

WOOL

A supple material essentially derived from sheep's fleece. It can be woven in a variety of ways, including drape, serge, herringbone, flannel, damask and velvet. Sometimes blended with viscose or silk, it provides much-appreciated warmth. What's more, it's flame-retardant. Two good reasons for its strong presence in the upholstery market. Wool remains the noble fiber of woven and tufted carpets and rugs.

WOOL 100TEX

Worsted wool is obtained by the same process as semi worsted wool but in more repeated steps. The wool yarn obtained has a particularly impressive look. It is even finer and softer, the wool becomes fluffy and silky. This is a luxurious material.

WOOL 250TEX

Semi-combed wool is made of wool yarns obtained after several combing operations. The shortest fibers and the smallest impurities are eliminated for a superior quality of yarn. It is finer and softer. Its fineness allows subtle patterns and color blends.

WOOL 380TEX

Soft, lustrous and extremely versatile, New Zealand wool can be used to create cut pile, loop pile or shaggy pile rugs that are durable, flame retardant and easy to clean. It is available in 3 yarn thicknesses, expressed in different counts of “TEX”. The lower the “TEX”, the finer and more combed the wool. The 380 Tex count is the minimum standard used by Pierre Frey.

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YAPRAK

Characterized by large, stylized leaf motifs drawn in a naturalistic manner.

YARN/THREAD

Yarn is a long, loose, generally cylindrical strand that forms the basis of textile materials. Initially, yarn was only linen. Nowadays, it is made from a variety of natural materials. In weaving, it becomes warp thread (vertical) or weft thread (horizontal). The straight thread is the direction of the fabric; it's important to respect it to obtain even tension. Fancy yarns are used for relief weaves such as douppion. Milled thread is used for trimmings, and cabled thread for sewing. There are two types of yarn: continuous yarn, made up of uncut filaments: silk for natural fibers and all chemical, artificial or synthetic fibers; staple yarn, made up of short fibers: these include all fibers of vegetable, animal (except silk) or mineral origin, and chemical fibers when the filaments have been cut to a specific length. In the case of chemical yarns, it is therefore necessary to specify whether they are made up of continuous filaments or staple fibers.

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